Neuroscience
Attitudes towards the way we discipline children have changed dramatically over the last 60 years or so, and the use of smacking or other forms of corporal punishment – that is, using physical force to inflict deliberate pain or discomfort – is now illegal in all contexts in 46 countries.
These cultural changes are in large part due to growing evidence about the harms to children and parent-child relationships that come from corporal punishment. However, despite this evidence, many countries, including the UK, the US and Australia, still permit the corporal punishment of children in at least some situations, such as the home. Moreover, many people still endorse the practice: for example, in a 2011 survey, over 40 per cent of UK parents said they'd smacked their children.
Antonia Kish and Peter Newcombe, psychologists at The University of Queensland in Australia, think at least part of the reason that smacking, spanking, "whupping" and other forms of corporal punishment are still widely supported is because of so many people's belief in myths around these harsh forms of discipline. To start exploring this idea they've created a new questionnaire that taps people's endorsement of smacking myths.
Inspired in large part by the writings of the American sociologist Murray Straus, the researchers started out with 17 items. Through testing on 366 Australian undergrads (average age 20; 251 women) they whittled this number down to 10 that showed some signs of good reliability. For example, those items that generally tapped belief in the harmlessness of smacking tended to correlate with each other, as did those items that tapped people's belief in the effectiveness of smacking. Here is the list of the 10 myths that feature in the questionnaire:
The researchers said their scale was lent further legitimacy and validity based on the fact that the participants' endorsement of the smacking myths tended to correlate positively with their stated hypothetical intentions to use corporal punishment in various situations, as well as with various related psychological constructs, such as Authoritarianism (high scorers on this endorse statements like "Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn"), Conservatism, Just World Beliefs (high scorers endorse "I usually receive the outcomes that I deserve" and similar items) and Work Ethic (high scorers endorse statements like "Distaste for hard work usually reflects a weakness of character").
The researchers described this as exploratory work and they acknowledged its limitations. For example: few of the participants were parents; the questionnaire needs to be subjected to more rigorous testing, for example to see if people's scores on it correlate with repeated testing over time; and it might be improved through the addition of other myths (including those that argue against using corporal punishment). However, they hope their new questionnaire will be useful for further research in this area and for predicting parents' intentions to use smacking and other similar practices on their children.
_________________________________
Kish, A., & Newcombe, P. (2015). “Smacking never hurt me!” Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 121-129 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.035
Post written by Christian Jarrett (@psych_writer) for the BPS Research Digest.
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Neuroscience
How many of these myths about smacking children do you believe?
These cultural changes are in large part due to growing evidence about the harms to children and parent-child relationships that come from corporal punishment. However, despite this evidence, many countries, including the UK, the US and Australia, still permit the corporal punishment of children in at least some situations, such as the home. Moreover, many people still endorse the practice: for example, in a 2011 survey, over 40 per cent of UK parents said they'd smacked their children.
Antonia Kish and Peter Newcombe, psychologists at The University of Queensland in Australia, think at least part of the reason that smacking, spanking, "whupping" and other forms of corporal punishment are still widely supported is because of so many people's belief in myths around these harsh forms of discipline. To start exploring this idea they've created a new questionnaire that taps people's endorsement of smacking myths.
Inspired in large part by the writings of the American sociologist Murray Straus, the researchers started out with 17 items. Through testing on 366 Australian undergrads (average age 20; 251 women) they whittled this number down to 10 that showed some signs of good reliability. For example, those items that generally tapped belief in the harmlessness of smacking tended to correlate with each other, as did those items that tapped people's belief in the effectiveness of smacking. Here is the list of the 10 myths that feature in the questionnaire:
- Corporal punishment used to discipline a child is harmless
- Using corporal punishment occasionally to discipline a child does not cause damage to a child
- Use of corporal punishment teaches a child responsibility and helps develop his/her character
- It is unrealistic to think that parents should never use corporal punishment to discipline a child
- Corporal punishment works better than other methods of discipline
- Corporal punishment is used to discipline both boys and girls
- Corporal punishment is the only thing that children understand
- Without use of corporal punishment to discipline children, children become spoilt and will run wild
- Corporal punishment teaches a child how to respect others
Other items were designed to tap beliefs about specific situations when corporal punishment should be used or the idea that is OK to use corporal punishment in rare cases, but these items were not reliable and so were dropped from the final questionnaire (examples included: "Corporal punishment should only be utilized on rare occasions and/or only for serious problems", and "Usually, if corporal punishment cannot be used to discipline a child, then verbal abuse towards a child is appropriate").
- Corporal punishment should be used to discipline a child every single time a child misbehaves
The researchers said their scale was lent further legitimacy and validity based on the fact that the participants' endorsement of the smacking myths tended to correlate positively with their stated hypothetical intentions to use corporal punishment in various situations, as well as with various related psychological constructs, such as Authoritarianism (high scorers on this endorse statements like "Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn"), Conservatism, Just World Beliefs (high scorers endorse "I usually receive the outcomes that I deserve" and similar items) and Work Ethic (high scorers endorse statements like "Distaste for hard work usually reflects a weakness of character").
The researchers described this as exploratory work and they acknowledged its limitations. For example: few of the participants were parents; the questionnaire needs to be subjected to more rigorous testing, for example to see if people's scores on it correlate with repeated testing over time; and it might be improved through the addition of other myths (including those that argue against using corporal punishment). However, they hope their new questionnaire will be useful for further research in this area and for predicting parents' intentions to use smacking and other similar practices on their children.
_________________________________
Kish, A., & Newcombe, P. (2015). “Smacking never hurt me!” Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 121-129 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.035
Post written by Christian Jarrett (@psych_writer) for the BPS Research Digest.
Our free fortnightly email will keep you up-to-date with all the psychology research we digest: Sign up!
- Threat Of Punishment Makes Us Better Judges Of Our Own Knowledge
People show better understanding of their own knowledge when threatened with large penalties for wrong answers. There are some walks of life where trying to be right as often as possible is not enough. Just as important is having insight into the...
- How To Get Kids To Tell The Truth? It's Not All About Carrot Or Stick
By guest blogger Dan Jones All parents have to come to terms with the fact that their little angels will, from time to time, act like little devils. They’ll throw tantrums over trivial issues, or they’ll push, hit, bite or scratch other kids. And...
- How To Avoid Death Row...
Whether jurors decide to hand down a life sentence or the death penalty depends in part on their perception of the defendant’s appearance. That’s the finding from interviews with 80 jurors during their involvement in real-life American murder cases....
- Self-discipline Matters More Than Iq
An American study has found that a school pupil’s self-discipline is a stronger predictor of their future academic success than their IQ, leading researchers to conclude that self-discipline may be the “royal road” to building academic achievement....
- Military Traumatic Brain Injury (tbi)
Thanks to The Washington Post and ABC News, treatment issues related to TBI and other war-related injuries have been at the forefront of a healthy dose public attention over the past month. From the New York Times and International Herald Tribune: For...